General Topic: The Mammalian/Human Brain
This is a very broad subject and you are free to research almost any topic that involves the brain. Examples include:
• brain development
• brain disorders
• synaptic transmission of sensory input and motor commands
• brain function as determined by optogenetics
• brain function as determined by brain imaging (MRI, PET scan, CAT scan, ultra sound, fluorescence)
• cell therapy to cure disorders
• gene therapy to cure disorders
• sports/concussion
• effects of the gut microbiota on brain function
• effects of toxins on brain development and function (Lead in drinking water of Flint Michigan)
• any subject you find interesting about the brain
LENGTH: A minimum of 3000 words
INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING: Title Page, References Page, Figure Legends for Photos/Diagrams/Illustrations, Any Appendices, Abstract
The paper should have a thesis/plan, not just a list of summaries of articles.
Your paper must focus on cell/molecular processes. It is fine to incorporate psychology and sociology into your paper, but I don’t want to see a paper that is all about behavior, subject interviews, surveys and correlation studies. Citations: Minimum of 6 citations, with at least 4 being primary research papers (ie. Journal articles, of which 2 must be published in 2011 or more recent). You may use ONE online source (be very careful with the integrity of these – not wikipedia) and ONE book – – only published works.
Following is a general description of how the overall paper should be organized:
1. One inch margins on all sides.
2. There MUST be page numbers on the bottom right of the page (NO other running header/footer)
3. The body of the paper MUST be double spaced and use 12 point font.
4. TITLE PAGE (cover page) including:
Your Title (should reflect the precision of your topic)
Your name
Date
Cell Biology
institution
Instructor: xxxx
(This page should NOT be numbered)
5. The second page of your paper should contain a brief abstract (summary) of your paper. This should be approximately 200 words, single spaced, not contain citations, not be labeled (as abstract) and also should NOT be numbered.
6. Start the body of the paper on the next page and this should be numbered page 1.
7. The minimum word count for all text (see above) is 3000 words, but feel free to write more. Note that pictures or graphics may be included in the paper, but are not required. If you copy, scan or use any picture, graphic or figure from any source (including your own) it must be cited near the picture, graphic or figure. There should be no quotations in your paper. All ideas should be synthesized into your own words (this shows understanding of the material). Also, no footnotes. If you include figures, they should add clarity to a confusing concept. If a figure can easily be summarized in one sentence it should not be included.
8. Your paper should contain few or no headings within the body of the paper – your paragraphs should be clearly written and self-explanatory.
9. Your paper should end with a concluding paragraph that sums up the major ideas presented.
10. Paper will be checked for originality
REFERENCES PAGE
This is the last page of the document.
Include all of the following for each reference cited:
the complete title of each article
the name of the author(s) of each article
the name of the journal/magazine, date, volume number, and page numbers of the article
the specific internet address, name of organization and date which you accessed the site if it is on the World Wide Web.
**note, just because you found a source online does not mean you should cite it as a web source – if it is published printed journal article you must cite it as so (author, date, journal, volume, etc…)
Specific information on how to correctly present the references cited page can be found at:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/
1. You must have citations WITHIN the body of your paper WITH AUTHOR’S LAST NAME , COMMA, YEAR OF PUBLICATION. Only give page numbers if you are citing a book.
2. You should have a MINIMUM of one citation per paragraph, usually more. This includes the opening page, which may be more general information (and this is really the only place citing your text would be acceptable). You should move quickly into the more technical information.
3. The citation can come before, or after the presentation of an idea. For example: Jones (1998) show that… OR thalamocortical connections generally terminate in layer 4 of cortex (Jones, 1998). You will likely use a mixture of both methods in your writing.
3. You must cite each information source when it is used in the paper body.
4. If there are only two authors on the paper then include BOTH author names in the citation – (Cummings and Meyer, 2011).
5. If there are three or more authors on the paper then use the PRIMARY AUTHOR’S NAME ONLY and et al. – eg. (Cummings et al., 2011).
6. If you have multiple papers from the same primary author in the same year then use year of publication and a, b, c. – eg. (Cummings, 2012a), (Cummings, 2012b), etc.
7. All relevant information MUST appear on the references cited page including ALL of the paper authors and the relevant page numbers – see examples on the web link above.
8. You should SINGLE SPACE each reference and have ONE SINGLE SPACE BETWEEN REFERENCES on the references cited page.
9. References Cited page must be alphabetical by primary author’s last name and reverse indented (this is the opposite of what is shown on the OWL webpage)
10. If there is no author for an internet source (website) then use a KEYWORD for the citation in the paper body.
11. If there is no year or publication date on the internet source (website) then use the current year (the assumption is that the page is regularly updated).
Writing Style
Your writing must be clear, free of spelling errors, and grammatically correct. Science writing is different from standard journalism and tends to be less flashy, with the use of fewer literary devices. Stay away from phrases like “Did you know…?” and avoid undocumented or generalized statements such as: “Experts say…,” “They have found…,” “A study was done…,” or “It is a documented fact that…”
Beware of anthropomorphisms – These are human traits invested in non-human things. The comment that “plants want to absorb water” implies some concept that plants have feelings or desires. Plants do not “prefer” sunlight or shade.
Quality: Papers that lack clarity, synthesis, focus, depth, etc. will be marked down.
Other stuff: Watch out for homonyms (words that sound the same or are spelled the same but have different meanings such as two, to, and too or their and there). You may not catch them in spell checkers. Also, spell checkers do not correct for a misuse of a word. If you type in “form” instead of “from” you will have a sentence that makes no sense or not the sense you wanted. So read your paper closely.
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