Scientific Revolution 16th & 17the Centuries
Science
Theory +Observation+Quantification =Law
Scientific Revolution, Astonomy
Previous: Ptolemaic Universe
Theory: Nicolau Copernicus (1473-1543), Proposed an earth-centered astronomical model
Professor of Astronomy and Astrology at the University of Cracow
Canon of Frombork cathedral
Employed by pope for 1514 Lateran Council Calendar Reform
Writings:
Commentariolus
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543)
Observation: Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) Patronage of King of Denmark 1572 1572 discovered nova, 1577 comet
tables of planetary motion
Estate of island of HVEN
Imperial astronomer at Prague
Assisted by Johannes Kepler
Quantification: Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
German mathetician and astrologer
Laws of Planetary Motion
Elliptical Movement
Confirmation: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Confirmation
Developed experimental science
Improved the Telescope
1610 Starry Messenger (Siderius Nuncius)
Four Moons of Jupiter, proved movement
Besides Moons of Jupiter he discovered
Phases of Venus
Falling Bodies
Sunspots
1615 Letter to Christina of Tuscany
1633 Dialogue Between the Two Chief World Systems
Salviati (Copernican); Sagredo (neutral)Simplicio (Simplicius, follower of Aristotle, Ptolemaic)
Galileo’s 4 Trips to Rome
1616 – Treatise of the Tides, Bellarmine’s Letter
1624 – Meetings with Pope Urban (Barberini)
1630 – Licensing Dialogue
1633 – Trial
Trial Verdict
Galileo was found “vehemently suspect of heresy,”
He was required to “abjure, curse, and detest” those opinions.
He was ordered imprisoned; the sentence was later commuted to house arrest.
His offending Dialogue was banned
Dialogue remained on Index of Prohibited Books until 1757
1992 Pope John Paul acknowledged the Church’s error in its treatment of Galileo
Science Enthroned
Lyncean Academy 1603
Academie des Sciences 1666
English Royal Society 1662
Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
Laws of Motion Force=Gravity
- Objects at rest remain in such a state unless acted on by force
- Changes in Motion proportional to force
- Every action has an equal and opposite reaction
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