QUESTION 1 (6 marks)
List the differences between narrative aggregated literature
reviews and systematic reviews
QUESTION 2 (5 marks)
According to the Joanna Briggs Institute, what level of evidence
would you ascribe to:
a) a randomised controlled trial
b) a cohort study
Explain why the levels of evidence are different.
QUESTION 3 (10 marks)
a) Identify the appropriate measurement scale for each of the
following:
Variable Measurement Scale
Annual birth rate
Body temperature
Education level
pH
Country of birth
Ranking of journals in a
category according to impact
factor
Presence or absence of
infection
Age
pH
Country of birth
Ranking of journals in a
category according to impact
factor
Presence or absence of
infection
Age
b) If you were collecting data on the above variables, which
might you measure on a different scale? Which other scale
could you use? Identify one advantage and one disadvantage of
measuring the variable in this way.
QUESTION 4 (8 marks)
A class of 30 students received the following marks (expressed
as percentages) for their overall assessment.
Student Mar
k
Student Mark Stude
nt
Mar
k
Jessica 78 Amandee
p
85 Moha
mme
d
77
Jianxia 60 Louisa 60 Yapin
g
73
Mark 82 David 76 Trace
y
73
Herlina 52 Rebecca 70 Abdul 85
James 35 Mavilde 88 Melan
ie
62
Emily 77 Elise 50 Rober
t
24
Ramon 64 Mishal 77 Nawal 77
Hawa 87 Caroline 62 Diana 52
Julia 50 Zara 80 Peter 40
Simon 76 Sunit 51 Wend
y
84
a) Calculate:
i) The mean
ii) The median
iii) The mode
b) What inference can you make about the distribution of
marks?
c) What would be the most appropriate measure of:
i) central tendency
ii) dispersion
d) Grades are allocated in the following way:
Fail = 0-49; Pass = 50-59; Credit = 60-69; Distinction = 70-79;
High distinction = 80-100
Construct a frequency distribution of the students’ grades. You
may present this in table or graphic form.
e) What measurement scale does this represent?
QUESTION 5 (2 marks)
You purchase batteries for your kitchen clock. The batteries
have a mean life of 820 hours, with a standard deviation of 30
hours.
a) The batteries run out after 715 hours. Would you be entitled
to a refund? Why?
b) What if the battery died after 780 hours?
QUESTION 6 (13 marks)
James works in a paediatric surgical ward, where the majority
of children are admitted for elective surgery. He is concerned
about the level of distress and anxiety children display on
admission and the nursing staff, in conjunction with the Play
Therapy department and child psychologists, develop a package
to prepare pre-school children for their hospital experience.
James wants to know whether this package will have an effect
on children’s distress.
a) Generate a null hypothesis and an alternate (nondirectional)
hypothesis for James’s question. [2 marks]
i) Null:
ii)Alternate:
b) What would be the ideal research design to answer this
question? Give reasons. [2 marks]
c) What other design(s) could be used? Why might these be
chosen in preference to the one identified above? [2 marks]
d) Identify the main ethical issue for this study. [1 mark]
James and his team carry out the study. They choose an
objective measure of children’s distress – salivary cortisol,
measured in mcg/dl and expected to be normally distributed.
e) Identify [2 marks]:
i) the independent variable
ii) the dependent variable
f) What measurement will the researchers use to examine the
effectiveness of the package? [1 mark]
g) What statistical test would be appropriate to test the
hypothesis? [1 mark]
h) The test is performed and the result generated is p=0.03.
Interpret the p-value. [1 mark]
i) What decision would you expect the researchers to make
with respect to the null hypothesis [1 mark]?
QUESTION 7 (4 marks)
Nurses in an aged care facility are concerned about the
incidence of urinary tract infections (UTI) among residents.
They wonder whether drinking cranberry juice daily will reduce
the number of infections and plan a study to find out. They
enrol 240 residents, 120 in each arm. At the end of the study
they find that 22 residents who receive cranberry juice develop
a UTI, compared with 31 in those who do not.
a) What would be the appropriate statistical test to determine
whether this difference is significant? [1 mark]
From the figures we can see that the incidence of UTI in those
receiving cranberry juice is 7.5% lower than in those not
receiving it (this is called the Absolute Risk Reduction or ARR).
The researchers calculate that the 95% confidence intervals
around this number are -2.95 and 17.95.
b) Interpret the confidence intervals [2 marks]
d) What conclusion will the researchers make regarding the null
hypothesis? [ 1 mark]
QUESTION 8 (4 marks)
This question uses the Excel file in the Week 9 activities on
Moodle.
a) How would you examine the relationship between the
participants’ ages and the total attitude score? [1 mark]
b) Carry out the test you identified in part (a). [Hint: find it in
the tab Formulas →More functions→Statistical]. Record the
statistic generated by the calculation. [1 mark]
c) What can you conclude about the relationship between age
and score? [2 marks]
QUESTION 9 (26 marks)
Sarah is a Nurse Unit Manager in a busy Emergency Department.
Her department has experienced an increase in workplace
violence in recent months and she is concerned about its effect
on the nursing staff. She decides to do some research on this
topic using a qualitative approach, with a particular focus on
nurses’ experiences of workplace violence and their individual
coping strategies.
a) Identify an appropriate methodology for this study and
provide a rationale for its use. [5 marks]
b) Identify and provide the rationale for a suitable sampling
strategy. [3 marks]
c) What data collection strategy/strategies would be most
appropriate for this methodology? Give reasons. [3 marks]
d) What would be an appropriate method of data analysis for
this methodology? Give reasons. [3 marks]
e) With reference to the principles of ethical conduct of
research, identify the potential ethical problems with this
study. How could Sally overcome these? [6 marks]
f) Identify three (3) elements of trustworthiness and provide a
specific example of how each could be achieved in this study.
[6 marks]
QUESTION 10 (12 marks)
In the appendix at the end of this document you will find
extracts from interview transcripts from a study examining the
experiences of lecturers at a UK university. “Susan” and “Fern”
are pseudonyms for two of the study participants. The specific
question addressed in these extracts is “What are lecturers’
experiences of teaching various types of students?”
a) Comment on the type and content of the questions asked by
the interviewer to the two participants. [3 marks]
b) What data is missing from these transcripts? [Hint: think
about type of data as well as actual information] As a
researcher, how would you rectify this? [3 marks]
c) From the data, identify 2 themes that could contribute to
answering the research question. Provide 3 examples of data
that would contribute to each theme. [6 marks]
QUESTION 11 (10 marks)
a) Provide an example of each of the following [2 marks]:
i) a type of research study that would require written
informed consent from the participants
ii) a type of study that would not require written consent
b) Explain why these types of studies have different
requirements. [2 marks]
c) Provide an example of each of the following categories, and
give reasons why the type of study would be categorised in this
way [6 marks]:
i) a type of study requiring approval by a full meeting of a
Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC)
ii) a type of study that an HREC would classify as ‘low risk’
iii) a type of study that would not require ethics approval

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